It is often the case ______anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.
A. why B. what C. as D. that
知识点：主语从句
D
试题分析：考查主语从句。本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是连接词that他引导的主语从句，连接词that在本句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而已，不能省略。连接副词why要在句中做状语，连接代词what通常在句中做主语、宾语或表语等；as通常不引导名词性从句。句意：对于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。故D正确。
【名师点睛】
that 引导主语从句：由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下被放到句子的后面，用it 作形式主语来代替它的位置。常见的以it作形式主语的主语从句的句型有三种。
1. It + be + 形容词+that从句
适用于这种句型的常见形容词有：necessary，clear，true，strange，important，wonderful，possible，likely，obvious，surprising etc。
1) It’s clear that they badly need help。很明显，他们急需援助。
2) It’s possible that we can carry out the project at last. 最终我们能完成这项工程是有可能的。
表语为 necessary，clear，true，strange, important, wonderful，possible, likely, obvious, surprising, astonishing, etc.等形容词时，谓语动词的形式一般为“should ＋ 动词原形”
3) It is necessary that you (should)master the computer. 你很有必要掌握电脑。
4) It is strange that he should have killed himself .真奇怪，他竟然自杀了
2. It +be +名词词组+ that从句
常用于这种句型的名词词组有：a fact， a good idea，a pity，an hour，a shame，no wonder，good news etc.
1) It’s a pity that you missed the film.你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
2) ―Tom has a bad cold. 汤姆患了重感冒。
―It is no wonder that he looks pale. ――难怪他看起来脸色苍白。
3) It is a great shame that he should have stolen a pen. 他竟然偷钢笔，真是太丢脸了。
shame 所用的句中要用虚拟语气。
3. It + be+ 过去分词+ that从句
常有的过去分词有：said，reported, hoped, believed, expected, decided, well-known, thought, suggested 等。
1) It is well-known that the earth moves around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
2) It’s reported that the two countries have made an agreement about their trades.
据报道这两个国家就贸易问题达成协议。
过去分词表示：建议，命令，愿望如suggested ， ordered， requested等词时，从句需用虚拟语气。动 词形式为：should ＋ 原型。
1) It is requested that Mr. Wang (should) give a performance.有人请求王先生表演一个节目。
2) It is suggested that we should discuss the problem .有人建议我们应该讨论一下这个问题。
More efforts, as reported, ______in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.
A. are made B. will be made C. are being made D. have been made
知识点：一般将来时及其被动式
B
试题分析：考查时态语态。句意：正如报道的那样，在未来几年将做出的努力，以加速供给结构改革的速度。本句的时间状语“in the years ahead在未来的几年里”和将来时连用，且efforts与动词make构成被动关系，所以使用被动语态。所以要使用一般将来时的被动语态形式，故B正确。
Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.
A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those
知识点：定语从句
C
【名师点睛】
“of whom / which”引导的定语从句：在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用…of which / whom或者of which / whom…都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。
一、表示整体中的部分
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。
I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。
There are two bottles left, one of which is almost finished and the other of which is not quite. 只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。
The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。
二、表示所属关系
He’s written a book, the name of which I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书，书名我忘了。
句中的the name of which=whose name。
It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered. 这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。
句中的the details of which=whose details。
— Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?
— Living every day to the full, definitely.
A. recipe B. record C. range D. receipt
知识点：名词
A
试题分析：考查名词词义辨析。名词recipe秘诀，食谱，药方；record记录；range范围；receipt收据，收条；句意：—你能告诉我你对幸福长寿的秘密吗？—当然是尽情享受每一天。根据句意可知A项意为“秘诀”，与上下文相符。
He did not easily, but was willing to accept any constructive advice for a worthy cause.
A. approach B. wrestle C. compromise D. communicate
知识点：动词/动词短语
C
试题分析：考查动词辨析。动词approach靠近，接近；wrestle摔跤，斗争，努力解决；compromise妥协；和解；让步；communicate交流；句意：他并容易妥协，但是对于正义的事业，他愿意接受任何建设性的建议。根据句意可知C项正确。
______some people are motivated by a need for success, others are motivated by a fear of failure.
A. Because B. If C. Unless D. While
知识点：连词/连接词
D
【名师点睛】
连词while根据上下文有以下不同作用和含义。
一、引导时间状语从句 译作“当……时”。例如：
1. Make hay while the sun shines. 趁着有太阳晒晒草。（乘机行事，抓紧时机。）
2. We must work hard to gain more knowledge while we are young.
趁着现在还年轻，我们必须刻苦学习，获得更多的知识。
二、引导让步状语从句
常放在句首，译作“尽管”、“虽然”，比although或 though语气要轻。例如：
While I believe it is true, I cannot prove it. 虽然我相信那是真的，但我无法证明。
三、引导条件状语从句
相当于as long as，译作“只要”。例如：
1. While there is life, there is hope.有生命，就有希望。
2. While a spark of life remains, it is a doctor's duty to save the patient.
只要病人还有一息生机，医生就有责任挽救。
四、引导原因状语从句
相当于since，有“既然”的意思。例如：
1. You'll never save any money while you're so extravagant. 你这么奢侈，永远存不下钱来。
2. I'd like to get it settled today while we're at it. 既然我们着手干了，我想今天就把它干完。
五、连接并列句
表示对比，相当于whereas，译作“而”、“可是”。 例如：
1. An outdoors man will soon become pale if he changes to an indoor job, while a desk clerk will take on a tan after a short vacation in the sun.
从事室外工作的人如果调到室内工作，不久肤色就会变白；而一个伏案工作的文员出去度个短假，就会被太阳变黑。
2. Motion is while stagnation is . 运动是绝对的，而静止是相对的。
六、连接并列句 表示递进，相当于and what is more, 译作“并且”、“而且”。例如：
The new man-made fibres are more hardwearing than natural fibres and greatly reduce mending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.
新的人造纤维比天然纤维耐磨，因此能大大减少修补工作，而且做好的衣服价廉物美，数量也多。
If it for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.
A. had not been B. should not be C. were not to be D. should not have been
知识点：虚拟语气
A
【名师点睛】
有时条件从句和主句所表示的动作在时间上可以不一致（例如一个与过去事实相反，另一个与现在事实相反），这种虚拟条件句就称为错综时间虚拟条件句。在这种条件句中，动词的形式要根据具体情况进行调整。
例句：
She would never have behaved like that if she had some common sense.
如果她有一些常识的话，她就决不会像那样做了。
If I had a bike (now), I would have lent it to you yesterday.
假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。
句型说明： 错综时间条件句中，特别注意时间状语，在这种情况下必须明确给以时间或通过上下文可明白看出时间不同，否则就按一般时间搭配使用。
In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message within the work.
A. to hide B. hidden C. hiding D. being hidden
知识点：过去分词
B
【名师点睛】
过去分词作定语，在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时，所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语，过去分词相当于谓语。 过去分词作定语表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，已经完成并具有被动意义。有时也不表示时间性。作定语的过去分词一般由及物动词变来，因为只有及物动词才有被动意义。
例如： He is a teacher loved by his students. 他是个很受学生爱戴的老师。
也有用不及物动词的过去分词作定语的情况，一般作前置定语，它不表示被动意义，只表示主动意义，强调动作完成。不能像及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面作定语。
例如： fallen leaves 落叶 retired workers 退休工人 the risen sun 升起的太阳
注意下面过去分词作定语的几种情况：
1. 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：
We needed much more qualified workers. 我们需要更多的合格的工人。
My friend is a returned student. 我的朋友是个归国的留学生。
单个分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。例如：
They decided to change the material used. 他们决定更换使用的材料。
2. 过去分词短语作定语要放在被修饰的名词后面，作后置定语，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
例如：The student dressed in white is my daughter.
=The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.)穿白色衣服的学生是我的女儿。
3. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。
例如： There is nothing changed here since I left this town.自从我离开这个城镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。
4. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。
例如： This is a state-owned factory. 这是一家国营工厂。
5. 作前置定语的某些动词的过去分词的形式与作谓语或表语的过去分词的形式往往不一样。
Dashan, who crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.
A. will be learning B. is learning C. had been learning D. has been learning
知识点：现在完成进行时及其被动式
D
试题分析：考查时态。本句的时间状语是“for decades几十年来”，该时间状语通常和现在完成的有关时态连用，本句强调这几十年来大山一直努力把中国相声和西方的脱口秀相结合。所以使用现在完成进行时，强调动作的延续性和反复性。故D正确。
Many businesses started up by college students have thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.
A. fallen off B. taken off C. turned off D. left off
知识点：动词/动词短语
B
试题分析：考查动词短语辨析。短语fall off跌落，下降；take off起飞，成功，受欢迎；turn off关闭；leave off停止，中断；句意：由于良好的创业环境，很多大学生创办的生意都很成功。根据句意可知B正确。
His comprehensive surveys have provided the most statements of how, and on what basis, data are collected.
A. explicit B. ambiguous C. original D. arbitrary
知识点：形容词作定语,表语和宾语补足语等的用法
A
—Only those who have a lot in common can get along well.
— . Opposites sometimes do attract.
A. I hope not B. I think so C. I appreciate that D. I beg to differ
知识点：情景交际
D
试题分析：考查交际用语。I hope not我可不希望这样；I think so我认为如此；I appreciate that我很感激；I beg to differ恕我不能同意；本题的关键词是后句“Opposites sometimes do attract.”意见相反的人有时会相互吸引。说明对话两个人的意见并不一致。故D项“恕我不能同意”符合上下文。
Parents should actively urge their children to ______the opportunity to join sports teams.
A. gain admission to B. keep track of C. take advantage of D. give rise to
知识点：动词/动词短语
C
试题分析：考查短语辨析。动词短语gain admission to 获准进入；keep track of记录；take advantage of利用；give rise to引起；句意：父母亲应该积极鼓励孩子抓住机会参加体育活动。根据句意可知C项正确。
Not until recently ______the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.
A. they had encouraged B. had they encouraged
C. did they encourage D. they encouraged
知识点：倒装与省略
C
【名师点睛】
部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
1.句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until……等。例如：
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
2. so, neither, nor作部分倒装
用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。例如： Tom can speak French. So can Jack. 汤姆会讲法语，杰克也会。 If you won't go, neither will I.你不去，我也不去。
3. only在句首，且强调状语时,句子也必须部分倒装。
例如：Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
其他部分倒装
1） so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得很，动也不敢动。
2） 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。例如： May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。
—Jack still can’t help being anxious about his job interview.
—Lack of self-confidence is his______, I am afraid.
A. Achilles’ heel B. child’s play C. green fingers D. last straw
知识点：谚语、习语
A
请阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
Years ago, a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever. I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast. While we were ___36 ,Kurt asked me, “ John, what is your 37 for personal growth?
Never at a loss for words, I tried to find things in my life that might 38 for growth. I told him about the many activities in which I was 39 . And I went into a 40 about how hard I worked and the gains I was making. I must have talked for ten minutes. Kurt 41 patiently, but then he 42 smiled and said, “You don’t have a personal plan for growth, do you?”
“No, I 43 .
“You know,” Kurt said simply, “growth is not a(n) 44 process.”
And that’s when it 45 me. I wasn’t doing anything 46 to make myself better. And at that moment, I made the 47 : I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my 48 .
That night, I talked to my wife about my 49 with Kurt and what I had learned. I 50 her the workbook and tapes Kurt was selling. We 51 that Kurt wasn’t just trying to make a sale. He was offering a 52 for us to change our lives and achieve our dreams.
Several important things happened that day. First, we decided to 53 the resources. But more importantly, we made a commitment to 54 together as a couple. From that day on, we learned together, traveled together, and sacrificed together. It was a 55 decision. While too many couples grow apart, we were growing together.
36. A. working B. preparing C. thinking D. eating
37. A. suggestion B. demand C. plan D. request
38. A. appeal B. look C. call D. qualify
39. A. involved B. trapped C. lost D. bathed
40. A. lecture B. speech C. discussion D. debate
41. A. calculated B. listened C. drank D. explained
42. A. eagerly B. gradually C. gratefully D. finally
43. A. admitted B. interrupted C. apologized D. complained
44. A. automatic B. slow C. independent D. changing
45. A. confused B. informed C. pleased D. hit
46. A. on loan B. on purpose C. on sale D. on balance
47. A. comment B. announcement C. decision D. arrangement
48. A. life B. progress C. performance D. investment
49. A. contract B. conversation C. negotiation D. argument
50. A. lent B. sold C. showed D. offered
51. A. recalled B. defined C. recognized D. declared
52. A. tool B. method C. way D. rule
53. A. provide B. buy C. give D. deliver
54. A. grow B. survive C. move D. gather
55. A. difficult B. random C. firm D. wise
知识点：完型填空
36-40.DCDA B 41-45.BDAAD 46-50.BCABC 51-55. CCBAD
试题分析：本文属于记叙文，如果我们要成功，就需要有详细的个人成长计划，在Kurt的影响之下，我和妻子在一起成长，取得了很好的个人成就。
41.B 考查上下文串联。动词calculate计算，估算；listen听；drink喝；explain解释；我讲了十几分钟自己的个人努力及成就，Kurt在耐心的听我说。故B正确。
42.D 考查副词辨析。副词eagerly急切地；gradually逐渐地；gratefully感激地；finally最后，终于；耐心地听我讲了很长时间，最后他笑着对我说：对于个人成长你并没有计划，是吧？故D正确。
43.A 考查动词辨析。动词admit承认；interrupt打断；apologize道歉；complain抱怨；“Kurt笑着对我说：对于个人成长你并没有计划，是吧？”这是一个否定的反义疑问句，在回答的时候“no”翻译为“是的”。说明我承认自己并没有个人成长计划。故A项正确。
44.A 考查形容词辨析。形容词automatic自动的；slow缓慢的；independent独立的；changing不断变化的；Kurt告诉我成长并不是一个自动的过程，一定要有计划性，有计划的个人成长才是有效的成长。从那以后我意识到自己在这方面的缺乏并作出改变。BCD三项与语义不搭配。
45.D 考查动词辨析。动词confuse使...困惑；inform通知；please使...高兴；取悦；hit击中；打动；触动；Kurt的话触动了我，我的确没有有意识地做一些事情让自己变得更好。故D项正确。
46.B 考查介词辨析。介词on loan暂借，出借的；on purpose故意地；on sale降价出售；on balance总之；他的话让我意识到自己的确没有有意地做一些让自己更好的事情。故B项正确。
47.C 考查上下文串联。根据文章55空It was a 55 decision.可知我做出了一个决定：要为我的生活做一个个人的成长计划。故C项正确。
48.A 考查上下文串联。名词life生活；progress进步；performance表现；investment投资；根据what is your 37 for personal growth?可知这个计划是为个人成长计划，是与个人生活有关的计划。BCD三项都属于A项的范围。故A正确。
49.B 考查上下文串联。名词contract合同，契约；conversation对话；negotiation谈判；协商；argument争论；根据文章前两段可知我和Kurt在吃早饭的时候，进行了一次关于个人成长计划的谈话。故B正确。
【名师点睛】
完形填空的首句往往开宗明义，是文章的主题。细读首句可启示全文。而尾句又往往是对文章主题的总结。所以，它们是了解文章大意的一个窗口，对我们理解全文有着重要的启示作用。因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索。一般来讲，高考完形填空的首、尾句通常是不挖空的。先跳读这两句，便可判断体裁，猜想它要讲什么。若首句交代了when, where, who, what，即四个W，那么就是记叙文，很可能就是一个故事，为了测试语篇的理解能力，出题者特别注意选材的趣味性，其结尾往往出人意料，耐人寻味；以本文为例，作者在前两句中提及到时间：years ago，for breakfast；人物：I、Kurt说明叙述的是多年之前在吃早饭的时候，我和Kurt进行的一番对话。另外完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。习惯用法是英语中某种固定的结构形态，即所谓的“习语”，不能随意改动。所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法。对词义辨析题的考查有加大力度的趋势。要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量和词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力，特别是在特定的语境中能灵活运用的能力。本文均为词汇知识的辨析。同时我们利用复现信息解题。语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。语篇中有词汇和结构同现的现象，如与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。因此，利用上下文寻找解题信息，确定正确答案。
Day school Program
Secondary students across Toronto District School Board(TDSB) are invited to take one or two e-Learning courses on their day school timetable. Students will remain on the roll at their day school.
The on-line classroom provides an innovative relevant and interactive Learning environment. The courses and on-line classroom are provided by the Ministry of Education
These on-line courses
are taught by TDSB secondary school teachers;
are part of the TDSB student’s time table; and,
appear on the student’s report upon completion.
Benefits of e-Learning
Include:
access to courses that may not be available at his or her TDSB school
using technology to provide students with current information: and,
assistance to solve timetable conflicts.
Is e-Learning for You?
Students who are successful in on-line course are usually:
able to plan, organize time and complete assignments and activities;
capable of working independently in a responsible and honest manner; and ,
able to regularly use a computer or mobile device with internet access.
Students need to spend at least as much time with their on-line course work as they would in a face-to-face classroom course.
56. E-Learning courses are different from other TDSB courses in that .
A. they are given by best TDSB teachers.
B. they are not on the day school timetable.
C. they are not included on students’ reports.
D. they are an addition to TDSB courses.
57. What do students need to do before completing e-Learning courses?
A. To learn information technology on-line.
B. To do their assignments independently.
C. To update their mobile devices regularly.
D. To talk face to face with their teachers.
知识点：广告布告类
56. D 57. B
【名师点睛】
在完成广告类阅读时，我们可以使用题干定向法和排除法解题。
1.题干定向法：如果题干的问题与原文中的相应句段基本相同，则可直接对号入座；如果题干的问题与原文中的相应句段有较大出入，则要进行一定的处理，这个“ 处理”是多方面的，它可能包括对原文进行同义变换、对概念进行解析、对事实进行归纳、将具体问题抽象化或将抽象问题具体化、将文中提到的原则或规则进行实际运用等等。
以为例根据题干内容，定位于Benefits of e-Learning部分Access to courses that may not be available at his or her TDSB school可知E-Learning中的一些课程是TDSB课程的一些有益的补充。
2.错误排除法：一般说来，对于那些与文意明显不符或与文章内容不相关的选项比较容易排除， 但有些选项与文章内容相符，却与题干问题不吻合，即属答非所问的情形，也应作为错误项予以排除，尤其是那些从文章中摘录的句子，要特别小心，它们很有可能是干扰项。除了验证其是否能回答所提问题外，还要看它是否回答了问题的主要方面， 也就是说看它是不是最佳答案， 如果它只能回答所提问题的一个侧面或还有比它更合适的选项，都要毫不犹豫地将其排除。
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random —he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand, are naturally corporative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world test but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
58. What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?
A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.
B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.
C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.
D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.
59. Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____.
A. have the instinct to help others
B. know how to offer help to adults
C. know the world better than chimps
D. trust adults with their hands full
60. The passage is mainly about ____.
A. the helping behaviors of young children
B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality
C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D. the development of intelligence in children
知识点：科普环保类阅读
58.A 59.A 60.C
【名师点睛】
本文属于主旨大意题。本文使用了正方形写作法。即中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（自然段少的文章中心句不很明显。自然段多的文章，则比较好联系中心句，找一个和中心句最贴近的选项），文章段落的中间部分则可采用略读或扫读的方式，一则省时间，二则目标明确，正确率自然也相应提高了。掌握了找主题句或中心句的方法，就可以依据主题句或中心句归纳主题。
考生要特别注意： 首段陷阱。即首段虽然貌似主题句或中心句，但却没有完整概括文章全意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次，或者是作者设置的几个需要读者判定的文意。这样的信息用来做主题句或中心句就会落入陷阱。以本文为例：本文的第一段只是一个导入的段落，从第一段中猩猩的自私行为导入到第三段中人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能天性的原因。
El Niño, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Niño sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
The weather effects both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped American’s economy grow by $15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries in greater than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought (干旱）in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施）can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道）make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño’s harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.
61. What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?
A. It is named after a South American fisherman.
B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.
C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.
D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.
62. What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?
A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.
B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.
C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.
D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.
63. The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that .
A. more investment should go to risk reduction
B. governments of poor countries need more aid
C. victims of El Niño deserve more compensation
D. recovery and reconstruction should come first
64. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A. To introduce El Niño and its origin.
B. To explain the consequences of El Niño.
C. To show ways of fighting against El Niño.
D. To urge people to prepare for El Niño.
知识点：科普环保类阅读
61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D
【名师点睛】
本文属于阅读理解中的目的意图题。作者在描述事实或传递信息时,不管他的意图是什么,其观点和态度都不可避免地在文章中反映出来｡常见的涉及到作者态度的词有褒义类词（approving, positive, optimistic,等），贬义类词(critical, pessimistic, doubtful, questioning)和中性类词(indifferent, serious, objective, concerned, neutral)。这就要求考生在阅读时应特别注意文章的措辞，尤其注意那些表达感情色彩的形容词如 improving, encouraging, disappointing, fail, ignore等，以及作者对人物语言、行为和思想的描写，从中领悟作者的写作意图和态度。
本文最后一句Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.既然最贫穷的国家最不可能从厄尔尼诺这样的灾难中得到弥补，那么我们要把减少损失放在首要位置。从本句的措词中可以看出本文正是要督促我们要为可能发生的厄尔尼诺做好准备。
Not so long ago, most people didn’t know who Shelly-Ann Francis-Pryce was going to become. She was just an average high school athlete. There was every indication that she was just another Jamaican teenager without much of a future. However, one person wanted to change this. Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly-Ann as a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginning of true greatness. Her times were not exactly impressive, but even so, he sensed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking. He decided to offer Shelly-Ann a place in his very strict training sessions. Their cooperation quickly produced results, and a few years later at Jamaica’s Olympic trials in early 2008, Shelly-Ann, who at that time only ranked number 70 in the world, beat Jamaica’s unchallenged queen of the sprint(短跑).
“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs. But Shelly-Ann was to prove that she was anything but a one-hit wonder. At the Beijing Olympics she swept away any doubts about her ability to perform consistently by becoming the first Jamaican woman ever to win the 100 meters Olympic gold. She did it again one year on at the World Championships in Briton, becoming world champion with a time of 10.73--- the fourth fastest tinme ever.
Shelly-Ann is a little woman with a big smile. She has a mental toughness that did not come about by chance. Her journey to becoming the fastest woman on earth has been anything but smooth and effortless. She grew up in one of Jamaica’s toughest inner-city communities known as Waterhouse, where she lived in a one-room apartment, sleeping four in a bed with her mother and two brothers. Waterhouse, one of the poorest communities in Jamaica, is a really violent and overpopulated place. Several of Shelly-Ann's friends and family were caught up in the killings; one of her cousins was shot dead only a few streets away from where she lived. Sometimes her family didn’t have enough to eat. She ran at the school championships barefooted because she couldn’t afford shoes. Her mother Maxime, one of a family of fourteen, had to been an athlete herself as a young girl but, like so many other girls in Waterhouse, had to stop after she had her first baby. Maxime’s early entry into the adult world with its responsibilities gave her the determination to ensure that her kids would not end up in Waterhouse's roundabout of poverty. One of the first things Maxime used to do with Shelly-Ann was taking her to the track, and she was ready to sacrifice everything.
It didn't take long for Shelly-Ann to realize that sports could be her way out of Waterhouse. On a summer evening in Beijing in 2008, all those long, hard hours of work and commitment finally bore fruit. The barefoot kid who just a few years previously had been living in poverty, surrounded by criminals and violence, had written a new chapter in the history of sports.
But Shelly-Ann’s victory was far greater than that. The night she won Olympic gold in Beijing, the routine murders in Waterhouse and the drug wars in the neighbouring streets stopped. The dark cloud above one of the world’s toughest criminal neighbourhoods simply disappeared for a few days. “I have so much fire burning for my country,” Shelly said. She plans to start a foundation for homeless children and wants to build a community centre in Waterhouse. She hopes to inspire the Jamaicans to lay down their weapons. She intends to fight to make it a woman’s as well as a man’s world.
As Muhammad Ali puts it, “Champions aren't made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire, a dream, a vision.” One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.
65. Why did Stephen Francis decide to coach Shelly-Ann?
A. He had a strong desire to free her family from trouble.
B. He sensed a great potential in her despite her weaknesses.
C. She had big problems maintaining her performance.
D. She suffered a lot of defeats at the previous track meets.
66. What did the sprinting world think of Shelly-Ann before the 2008 Olympic Games?
A. She would become a promising star.
B. She badly needed to set higher goals.
C. Her sprinting career would not last long.
D. Her talent for sprinting was known to all.
67. What made Maxime decide to train her daughter on the track?
A. Her success and lessons in her career.
B. Her interest in Shelly-Ann’s quick profit.
C. Her wish to get Shelly-Ann out of poverty.
D. Her early entrance into the sprinting world.
68. What can we infer from Shelly-Ann's statement underlined in Paragraph 5?
A. She was highly rewarded for her efforts.
B. She was eager to do more for her country.
C. She became an athletic star in her country.
D. She was the envy of the whole community.
69. By mentioning Muhammad Ali’s words, the author intends to tell us that .
A. players should be highly inspired by coaches
B. great athletes need to concentrate on patience
C. hard work is necessary in one’s achievements
D. motivation allows great athletes to be on the top
70. What is the best title for the passage?
A. The Making of a Great Athlete
B. The Dream for Championship
C. The Key to High Performance
D. The Power of Full Responsibility
知识点：人物传记/故事类阅读
65. B 66. C 67. C 68.B 69.D 70. A
试题分析：本文是一篇励志短文，牙买加著名女飞人Shelly-Ann从不被人看好到成为奥运冠军，再到最后成为世界上跑的最快的女性，并想用自己的影响力改变能够吞噬了很多人梦想的贫民窟。
65.B 推理判断题。根据第一段五、六句“Stephen Francis observed then eighteen-year-old Shelly Ann as a track meet and was convinced that he had seen the beginning of true greatness. Her time were not exactly impressive, but even so, he seemed there was something trying to get out, something the other coaches had overlooked when they had assessed her and found her lacking.”可知Stephen Francis教练从她的身上看到了其他教练忽视的潜力。故B正确。
66.C 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Where did she come from?” asked an astonished sprinting world, before concluding that she must be one of those one-hit wonders that spring up from time to time, only to disappear again without signs.当2008年奥运会上Shelly-Ann获得冠军以后，很多人都质疑她是一个流星而已，认为她的成功不会延续很长时间。故C项正确。
【名师点睛】
本文属于主旨大意题中的标题概括题。文章标题通常有如下要求：不能过大、过于笼统，放之四海皆适用；也不能过小、以偏概全，挂一漏万。标题是文章中心思想的精练表达,多为一个名词词组，短小明了,函盖性强｡做这类题目时,要在阅读全文的基础上,把握好层次关系。注意选项的归纳范围要恰如其分,干扰项往往是局部信息，是某一小节或文章里的某一句。所以我们在解题时要反复推敲，把概括范围过窄或过宽的选项过滤掉。 好的文章标题具有较强的针对性、独特性，能够准确地概括出这篇短文的主旨大意，而不是其它文章的大意。本题中BCD三项的内容都与文章内容不够贴切，范围显得过大。我们可以使用逆向推理方法识别范围过大的标题。
请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。每个空格只填1个单词。
An Extension of the Human Brain
Other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺)，much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. To be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. When another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in what I’ve called a “social prosthetic (义肢的）system.” Such systems do not need to operate face-to-face, and it’s clear to me that the Internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. It’s already a big bank of many minds. Even in its current state, the Internet has extended my memory and judgment.
Regarding memory: Once I look up something on the Internet, I don’t need to keep all the details for future use—I know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. More generally, the Internet functions as if it were my memory. This function of the Internet is particularly striking when I’m writing; I’m no longer comfortable writing if I’m not connected to the Internet. It’s become natural to check facts as I write, taking a minute or two to dip into PubMed, Wikipedia, or other websites.
Regarding judgment: The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. For example, when I’m writing a textbook, it has become second nature to check a dozen definitions of a key term, which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning. But more than that, I now regularly compare my views with those of many others. If I have a “new idea,” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought. This certainly makes my own views clearer. Moreover, I can find out whether my reactions to an event are reasonable enough by reading about those of others on the Internet.
These effects of the Internet have become even more striking since I’ve begun using a smartphone. I now regularly pull out my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo. Such activities fill the spaces that used to be dead time (such as waiting for somebody to arrive for a lunch meeting).
But that’s the upside (好处).The downside is that in those dead periods I often would let my thoughts flow and sometimes would have an unexpected insight or idea. Those opportunities are now fewer and farther between.
An Extension of the Human Brain
A prosthetic nature
●The (71) ▲ can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensate for a bodily deficiency.
●It (72) ▲ in our daily events, extending our intelligence, comprehending our feelings, and expanding the range of social activities.
Wonderful aspects: memory and judgment
●On the Internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) ▲ them in mind.
●The Internet makes us smarter over (74) ▲ kinds of things. It provides a dozen definitions of a key term for us to find the (75) ▲ of the matter.
●The Internet enables us to exchange ideas with many others to (76) ▲ our claims, and to (77) ▲ our actions.
The (78) ▲ sides
of smartphones
●Smartphones make it easier and more (79) ▲ to check reality, watch video clips, read weibo.
●Smartphones (80) ▲ the possibility for new and insightful minds, and steal away our dead time.
知识点：阅读填空
71. Internet
72. participates/joins
73. keeping
74. all/different/various
75. heart/core
76. check
77. judge
78. mixed/two
79. convenient
80. reduce
试题分析：现代社会中网络对我们的影响越来越大，可以弥补我们精神和情感上的缺陷。文章从网络对我们的记忆和判断方面的影响作出了详细说明，同时也阐述了智能手机对我们带来的不利之处。
74. all/different/various 同义词转换。根据第三段第一句The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large.可知网络让我们在大大小小的事情上更聪明。原文中“matters small and large”就是“all/different/various”的事情。
75. heart/core 同义句转换。根据第三段第二句“.....which helps me dig into the core and understand its meaning”可知网络能让我们找的事物的核心并理解其真正含义。故短语“the core/heart of the matter”和原文中“dig into the core”语义一致。
76. check 同义词转换。根据第三段第四句“If I have a “ new idea,” I now quickly look to see whether somebody else has already thought of it, or something similar—and I then compare what I think with what others have thought.”当我们有了新的观点以后，我们会上网检查核对别人是否已经有了同样的观点，并对自己的行动做出判断。表格中check与原文语义一致。
【名师点睛】
任务型读写题中的阅读能力同样要求考生在有限的时间内快速领会文章的主旨大意，快速理解句段细节意义和理清上下文的逻辑关系，要能够理解文章作者的观点、态度和意图，同时不能忽视对语篇的整体把握和领悟。考查题型分为以下三类：
1．信息筛选题：信息筛选题是基础题目，一般可以直接通过将表格和短文进行对照，边读文章边找出与试题相关的句子信息，获取到相关单词，有时试题和原文句型句式不同，需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应单词，不需变化，直接填入。
2．整合转换题：整合转换题是典型的二次加工题型，需要考生有基本的构词法知识，对句子成分和词性的对应关系要明确。做题时，不但要找到与试题相关的句子信息，还要根据词法和句法知识以及上下文的逻辑关系进行加工，从而提炼出新词。可细分为如下两种情况：
（1）词形整合转换。被考查单词在原文和试题中充当的句子成分不同，因而需在名词、动词、形容词、副词等之间进行转换。
（2）句型整合转换。试题中的被考查单词在原文中找不到同根词，无法获取单词进行转换，需根据原文中相应句子的意义和上下文逻辑联系进行句型转换。如
①表格内词性、大小写和语法运用上要保持一致。同一单元格要注意在用词方面保持一致的格式。
②善用同义词和反义词进行转换。
③正确使用构词法。
④熟练运用语法句型转换。
3．综合概括题：综合概括题要求考生对全文或段落进行总体语篇把握，通过观察表格的设置特点，从而归纳和概括出所考查的单词。此类设题一般位于表格的第一行或第一列。为了更快捷地掌握概括能力，总结和熟记一些概括性词汇及其固定搭配也是很有必要的。
下面举一些基本的概括性词汇：总结、概括：conclusion, summary
建议：suggestion, tip, advice, proposal, recommendation 影响：effect, influence, impact 印象：impression
因果：reason, cause; result, consequence。
请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
In recent years, internet voting has become increasingly popular in China. People not only cast on-line votes themselves, but also urge others to vote for competitions like the “Most Beautiful Teacher” and the “Cutest Baby”.
Li Jiang, a high school student, is invited to vote in the “Best Police Officer” competition, organized by the local government to let the public have a better understanding of police officers’ daily work. Li Jiang visits the website and reads all the stories. He is deeply moved by their glorious deeds. He is already thinking of becoming a policeman himself in the future.
Su Hua is invited by his uncle to vote for his cousin in the “Future Singer” competition. He has already received three similar invitations this week. His uncle tells him that if his cousin wins the competition, the family will win an overseas tour for free. Su Hua likes his cousin very much, but he finds other singers perform even better. To vote, or not to vote? This is a question that troubles him very much.
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个单词写出上文概要；
2. 用约120个单词阐述你对网络投票的看法，并用2 -3个理由或论据支撑你的看法。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
知识点：书面表达
On-line voting becomes increasingly popular, and many competitions get people involved in it. It is beneficial to some people, while it puts others into a dilemma over whether to vote or not.
In my opinion, on-line voting is an inseparable part of modern life and should be welcomed, since it is no more than a way to participate in public life. It makes no difference from ordinary voting events, in which candidates go around to seek supports. In addition, the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient, regardless of time and space. Furthermore, voting on the Internet makes instant feedback possible.
To be honest, voters sometimes feel annoyed, not because they hate voting, but because they are divided between emotion and fairness. Things will turn for the better if we can work out some participation rules for people to obey. Therefore, I hold a positive attitude towards on- line voting.
(150 words)
Possible version two:
Internet voting is quite popular nowadays. Many people are somewhat puzzled at the negative side of the voting, although some are quite happy with it, and active in doing it.
In my opinion, internet voting has begun to show its negative impacts on people and society. Firstly, people may feel forced when asked to do things that they don’t want to. Secondly, voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors, but rather on how many social-networking resources they have. Thirdly, the voters or even the competitors in many cases are possibly taken advantage of by the organizers for commercial purposes.
In short, internet voting, to some extent, is unfair, if not immoral, and cannot be trusted. Therefore, rules should be worked out and strictly observed. Everyone in our society should help those in need, but it is more important to be sincere and earnest.
(150 words)
【名师点睛】
本篇范文很好地完成了所有任务。文章结构合理，层次分明。第一段总结归纳短文内容提出网络投票很流行，给人们带来好处同时也有不利之处。第二段提出个人观点并给出理由，两篇范文中正反观点明确，论据有力；第三段中提出合理化建议；时态和人称运用准确无误无误，全文无中国式英语思维，体现出很高的运用语言的能力。从写作技巧来看，文章中使用了较多的复合句，如定语从句..... in which candidates go around to seek supports.状语从句.....if we can work out some participation rules for people to obey.同时文章中串联词运用较为合理，如in my opinion、in addition、furthermore、to be honest等等。